The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation
Citation
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
The need to belong: Desire for
interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, Roy F.;Leary, Mark R.
Psychological Bulletin, Vol 117(3),
May 1995, 497-529. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Abstract
- A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task
Abstract
Both an opinion survey and an experimental study were conducted. The
survey revealed that substantial majorities of those polled believed (a) that a
defendant's character and previous history should influence jurors' decision
(79%) and (b) that the defendant's physical appearance should not bias these
decisions (93%). The hypothesis, derived from a reinforcement model of
interpersonal attraction and previous research on physical appearance, was that
attractive defendants would be more positively evaluated than unattractive ones
despite the seeming irrelevance of appearance to judicial decisions. The
results of a simulated jury task were that physically attractive defendants
were evaluated with less certainty of guilt (p < .05), less severe
recommended punishment (p < .005), and greater attraction (p
< .005), than were unattractive defendants. The importance of independent
affective and cognitive components of the attraction process were emphasized.
What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype.
Citation
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
What is beautiful is good, but…: A
meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype.
Eagly, Alice H.;Ashmore, Richard
D.;Makhijani, Mona G.;Longo, Laura C.
Psychological Bulletin, Vol 110(1),
Jul 1991, 109-128. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
Abstract
- Demonstrates that the physical attractiveness stereotype established by studies of person perception is not as strong or general as suggested by the often-used summary phrase what is beautiful is good. Although Ss in these studies ascribed more favorable personality traits and more successful life outcomes to attractive than unattractive targets, the average magnitude of this beauty-is-good effect was moderate, and the strength of the effect varied considerably from study to study. Consistent with the authors' implicit personality theory framework, a substantial portion of this variation was explained by the specific content of the inferences that Ss were asked to make: The differences in Ss' perception of attractive and unattractive targets were largest for indexes of social competence; intermediate for potency, adjustment, and intellectual competence; and near zero for integrity and concern for others. The strength of the physical attractiveness stereotype also varied as a function of other attributes of the studies, including the presence of individuating information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Developmental teasing about physical appearance: Retrospective descriptions and relationships with body image
Abstract:
Among the
potential influences on body-image development are experiences of
appearance-related teasing and criticism during childhood or adolescence. The
present study of 111 female college students examined the recollection of such
experiences. Persistent appearance teasing/criticism was commonly recalled and
its physical foci were diverse, though facial characteristics and weight were
apparently most often targeted. Peers were deemed the worst perpetrators of
appearance teasing/criticism, yet family members, especially brothers, were
also often implicated. Women who reported having had more prevalent and
distressing experiences of this nature currently held more dissatisfying and
disturbing body images.
Preferences in human mate selection.
Citation
Database: PsycARTICLES
[ Journal Article ]
Preferences in human mate selection.
Buss, David M.;Barnes, Michael
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 50(3), Mar
1986, 559-570. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.559
Abstract
- Examined the consequences of mate preferences for the processes of assortative mating and sexual selection. In Study 1, 92 married couples (aged 18–40 yrs) completed measures such as the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Data were used to identify (a) the mate characteristics that were consensually more and less desired, (b) the mate characteristics that showed strong sex differences in their preferred value, (c) the degree to which married couples were correlated in selection preferences, and (d) the relations between expressed preferences and the personality and background characteristics of obtained spouses. Marital preference factors included Religious, Kind/Considerate, Artistic/Intelligent, and Easygoing/Adaptable. Study 2, with 100 unmarried undergraduates, replicated the sex differences and consensual ordering of mate preferences found in Study 1, using a different methodology. Alternative hypotheses are presented to account for the replicated sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and earning potential. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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